36, No. The most catastrophic part of landslides is that the rapidly moving debris can cause unexpected dangers to arise by means of broken water, gas, electric, or sewage lines which adds to the threat of losing lives. The landslide became more mobile once it began to entrain loess material and reached the Obi-Kabud River where it traversed the floodplain and surmounted a 25 m high river terrace on the river's west bank. Of the 8 th International Conf. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak. If you cannot afford to replace your belongings or . 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit . One of the worst natural disasters in the history of India occurred in June of 2013, when powerful flash floods killed around 5,700 people in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand. """"", Bulletin of Engineering Geology and The Environment. Only about a thousand bodies could be recovered although it is indicated that at least 30,000 people lost their lives in this landslide tragedy. Tumbling down at terribly swift speeds of twenty feet per second they caused havoc in the residential areas below. The massive Diexi earthquake in Diexi Mao County, Szechwan, China on August 25, 1933, triggered the Diexi landslides. However, landslide costs across the country are not currently tracked or measured in a uniform way by any one agency, so this figure is likely to be an underestimate. consistent with a volume of 10 MCM of loess material becoming entrained. 383-408 December (SCI journal published by Springer). One such natural catastrophe occurred in July of 1949, when the 7.4 magnitude Khait Earthquake triggered hundreds of landslides near the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. How did the landslide trigger the eruption of Mt St Helens? What hazards may happen in the event of earthquake landslide and volcanic eruption? The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural resources. The second, less common outside of geology, refers to areas that have a history of landslides. Steele landslides, Yukon, Glacial advances constrained by 10Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan, Earthquakes, Landslides, Dams and Reservoirs in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, The 6 August 2010 Mount Meager rock slide-debris flow, Coast Mountains, British Columbia: characteristics, dynamics, and implications for hazard and risk assessment, The sedimentology and geomorphology of rock avalanche deposits on glaciers, Influence of runout-path material on emplacement of the Round Top rock avalanche, New Zealand, Late Holocene catastrophic slope collapse affected by deep-seated gravitational deformation in flysch: Ropice Mountain, Czech Republic, A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors, Temporal behavior of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations: A review, 2nd INQUA-IGCP 567 International Workshop on Active Tectonics, Earthquake Geology, Archaeology and Engineering, Large landslides associated with a diapiric fold in Canelles Reservoir (Spanish Pyrenees): Detailed geological-geomorphological mapping, trenching and electrical resistivity imaging, Morphologic description of the Punta cola rock avalanche and associated minor rockslides caused by the 21 April 2007 Aysn earthquake (Patagonia, southern Chile), Extremely large rockslides and rock avalanches in the Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan, Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure, Investigating Rock-Slope Failures in the Tien Shan: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of International Cooperation (M111), Utilisation of Data Derived from Large-Scale Experiments and Study of Natural Blockages for Blast-Fill Dam Design, Heavy rainfall triggered loessmudstone landslide and subsequent debris flow in Tianshui, China, Landslide dams and their hazard after the 25 April 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Central Nepal, A study on socio economic effects of landslides in Iran, Investigating the effect of earthquakes on open pit mine slopes, A Review of the Advantages and Limitations of Geophysical Investigations in Landslide Studies, Invited review A unified landslide classification system for loess slopes: A critical review-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population, Past to present deformation of the central-eastern Southern Alps: from the foreland to the Giudicarie belt, Usoy Natural Dam: Problem of Security (Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains,Tadjikistan), Tien Shan geohazards database: Earthquakes and landslides, Seismotectonics of the Tajik Basin and Surrounding Mountain Ranges, Dense GPS profiles across the northwestern tip of the IndiaAsia collision zone: Triggered slip and westward flow of the Peter the First Range, Pamir, into the Tajik Depression, Legacies of catastrophic rock slope failures in mountain landscapes, Seismic triggering of landslides, Part A: Field evidence from the Northern Tien Shan, Gravity effects caused by moderate earthquakes: role of local fault pattern, Window-Based Morphometric Indices as Predictive Variables for Landslide Susceptibility Models, Large rockslides in the Southern Central Andes of Chile (3234.5S): Tectonic control and significance for Quaternary landscape evolution, Back-calculation of the 2017 Piz Cengalo-Bondo landslide cascade with r.avaflow. A house damaged in the 2004 San Simeon earthquake. The old town of Diexi suffered the worst fate of all as it sank into the landslide-created dam below. Type of Geohazard Incident: Massive landslide in So.Tagaytay and So. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. The event, known as the Diexi Slides, claimed more than 3,000 lives, and destroyed many villages within the affected region. All rights reserved. The Yungay Landslide in Yungay, a rural community in Peru happened on May 31, 1970, due to three different natural disasters. The gravitational pull that facilitates a collective movement of soil, rock, and debris down a steep slope is called a landslide. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief was later erected at the site. Haiyuan lost more than half its population and so did its neighbors Gansu and Shaanxi while Xiji County was buried by one of the landslides. A faint rumbling sound that increases in volume is noticeable as the landslide nears. What main factors cause landslides and floods? Geologists, scientists who study the physical formations of the Earth, sometimes describe landslides as one type of mass wasting.A mass wasting is any downward movement in which the Earth's surface is worn away. Expansive soils contain a significant amount of clay which can expand when wet and shrink when dry. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. Civil Engineering PowerPoint Presentations, 10. Some reports, such as the Wikipedia article on this landslide, have suggested a death toll as high as 28,000 people, although to be fair this may well be something of a misinterpretation of the original source. As per estimates, approximately 10% of the population of Vargas perished in the disaster. 2 the waves rose to a height of 6m causing damage to a number of towns the town of nagahama experienced an outbreak of fire . The July 11, 1999, Davis-Weber Canal break in Riverdale damaged over 75 homes, 15 to 20 of them . Known as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of India, since the 2004 tsunami this event took place in the state of Uttarakhand in North India. Adjusting these figures for the population of each area, the annual cost of damages per capita are $1.30 in the nine-county San Francisco Bay region; $2.50 in Allegheny County, Pa.; and $5.80 in Hamilton County, Ohio. Chau K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Changes occur in your landscape such as patterns of storm-water drainage on slopes (especially the places where runoff water converges) land movement, small slides, flows, or progressively . In December of 1941, the residents of Huaraz, a Peruvian city in the Ancash region, were completely unaware that a retreating glacier tongue above their city would soon be responsible for wreaking havoc its people and claim thousands of the lives living within. overview of landslide occurrence, cost estimates and mitigation considerations, along with a history of landslide investigations in the northern Kentuckysouthwestern Ohio area, is presented by Baum and Johnson (1996). Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths), Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths). The areas worst affected were Manila . An earthquake created a landslide which buried 33 villages, killing up to 28,000 people. The current lack of relevant tools to assess a complex and ever-changing environment in these cross-border areas does not allow an effective assessment of risks and planning for natural disaster mitigation. Access to full-text content in BioOne Complete from this IP address has been suspended. Armero Tragedy. this article in Mountain Research and Development, The Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience Blog, The Bridge: Connecting Science and Policy, Joshimath: new satellite imagery and ongoing issues with the movement of the landslide, Kandersteg: a massive rock slope failure in Switzerland caught on video, The 22 February 2023 landslide at a coal mine at Alxa League, China, Vila Sahy, So Paulo: extreme rainfall in Brazil has triggered multiple fatal landslides, Manutuke: a near miss landslide from Cyclone Gabrielle in New Zealand, The Canterbury Earthquake: Images of the distorted railway line, Killing off the Canary Islands landslide megatsunami scare, Liquefaction from the Sendai earthquake - a remarkable video, Rattlesnake Ridge: a large failure forming in Washington State, USA, Bento Rodrigues: a disastrous tailings dam failure in Brazil, The 8 February 2023 rockfall in Steyr, Austria, Rosas in Cauca, Colombia: a truly extraordinary landslide, Landslides in North Island of New Zealand from Cyclone Gabrielle. It is interesting to note that landslides, mudslides, and avalanches as natural disasters are very similar in the damage they can bring about. Just before dawn on December 13, 1941, disaster struck the Peruvian city when a landslide resulted in glacial ice crashing down into Lake Palcacocha, generating huge waves that completely destroyed the dam on the lake. Date and Time of Occurrence: September 20, 2018 around 0600H Impact Area Including Barangays Affected: Portions of Sitio Tagaytay (crown area) and Sitio Sindulan (toe area) in Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu.Northeastern portion of the quarry area of Apo Land & Quarry . 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). [1] It is also unclear whether these figures refer to all those killed as a result of the earthquake, or only those caused by the Khait landslide. On August 5, 1933, a strong earthquake triggered a massive landslide in Diexi, Mao County, Szechwan, China. For the Khait landslide itself they conclude that about 800 fatalities is probably a reasonable estimate - note that this very considerably less than earlier estimates. Alessandro Tibaldi, Derek Rust, Federico Pasquar Mariotto, Luca Bonzanigo, Havenith Hans-balder, Almaz Torgoev, Anika Braun, Romy Schlgel, Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, IOP Conf. The largest single failure was the Khait landslide. A dormant volcano, the Nevado del Ruiz in Tolima, Colombia, suddenly came to life on November 13, 1985, wreaking havoc on the nearby villages and towns, and killing as many as 23,000 people. Most Expensive Home Insurance Claims Claims for water damage and freezing are the third most-costly type of home insurance claim. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). The damaging shaking of major earthquakes can be felt hundreds of miles away. Because a recurrence for such a landslide cannot be established, it is not possible to develop a meaningful estimate of annual per capita damages. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? The exact number of lives lost to the landslides or the earthquake is not very clear but the horrific event that happened during the Chinese Civil War took at least 200,000 lives which makes it one of the worst disasters by death toll in China. Landslides cause property damage, injury, and death and adversely affect a variety of resources. The 1978 Tabas earthquake occurred on September 16 at 19:05:55 local time in central Iran. [3], In the area of maximum felt intensity (>IX) most kishlaks were completely destroyed. [2], The total distance travelled by the flowslide is 7.4 km. Van Den Eeckhaut and Hervs 2012).This is important as a regional landslide susceptibility model is at . Famous as being one of the most severe landslide dam breach events in Chinese history, it claimed thousands of lives. Hence, the lethal waters, laden with debris from dam construction and large volumes of mud and rocks, inundated towns and villages and buried all forms of life that came in its way. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). Communities are urged to examine their costs of landslide damage and to evaluate the feasibility of several alternative programs that, for a modest investment, could significantly reduce these losses. On the basis of data from other sources, the estimated annual damages on a per capita basis for the City of Los Angeles, Calif., are about $1.60. [2] . The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. In conclusion, this is a very important contribution, filling in another gap in our understanding of previous landslide impacts. A lot of the landslides are all natural disasters that come from problems with Mother Nature including problems with the soil and trouble with weather . (2003) Rockfall hazard analysis for Hong Kong based on rockfall inventory Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. This landslide killed all but one of the 577 people in the town of Deixi. On November 13, 1985, the Armero tragedy struck upon the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz stratovolcano in Tolima, Colombia. Even a small landslide that damages a few homes can cost millions of dollars. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The relevance of recent heavy rain and an almost synchronous seismic event are considered but it is concluded that the movement was the result of progressive failures and tectonic weakening while the landslide hazard was increased by the presence of rice paddy fields in the valley bottom. What was the biggest mudslide? Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. 1988, resulted in approximately $12 million in damage and cost $8 million to rebuild. The earthquake occurred in a tectonically complex region at the southern edge of the Tien Shan. . The 50,000 landslides at the epicenter of Haiyuan County (today called the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) with the widespread breaking of the ground led to a series of aftershocks that lasted three years. 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