brythonic surnames

These parallel developments suggest that the English progressive is not necessarily due to Celtic influence; moreover, the native English development of the structure can be traced over 1000 years and more of English literature. Snell is a Cornish surname of Celtic-Brythonic origin which originated within the kingdom of Cornwall. WikiZero zgr Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumann En Kolay Yolu [4] It became more prominent through the 20th century, and was used in Kenneth H. Jackson's highly influential 1953 work on the topic, Language and History in Early Britain. A Goddess of theriver Aeron although listed as associated with strife and slaughter, the name Agrona comes from the same root-source as the modern English word Agrinomy crop & field management'(Greek Agros = field & Nomos = manage) and the river name Aeron means berries in Welsh. Her presence was evoked on the eve of battle to curry favor, and possible ritual sacrifices were given to her. Scottish Gaelic contains several P-Celtic loanwords, but, as there is a far greater overlap in terms of Celtic vocabulary, than with English, it is not always possible to disentangle P- and Q-Celtic words. Names from Brhan-Loudac, Brittany, 1536-1552, by Iago ab Adam (Michael Case) Given names and surnames from baptismal records. The Brythonic languages (from Welsh brython, "Briton") are or were spoken on the island of Great Britain and consist of Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Contents 1Phonology and notation 1.1Consonants 1.2Vowels 1.3Diphthongs 2Developments from Proto-Celtic 2.1Vowel affection 2.1.1A-affection 2.1.2Final i-affection 2.1.3Internal i-affection 2.2Miscellaneous raisings 2.3Consonant mutation [12] This view, while attracting broad popular appeal, has virtually no following in contemporary linguistic scholarship. "the Fada Burkes", "the long/tall Burkes"), father's names (e.g. [2][3] "Brittonic", derived from "Briton" and also earlier spelled "Britonic" and "Britonnic", emerged later in the 19th century. [30][33] For instance, in English tag questions, the form of the tag depends on the verb form in the main statement (aren't I?, isn't he?, won't we? [24][25][26] Another legacy may be the sheep-counting system Yan Tan Tethera in the north, in the traditionally Celtic areas of England such as Cumbria. "John Morrissey Ned") or mother's maiden name ("Kennedy" becoming "Kennedy-Lydon") can become colloquial or legal surnames. Nevermind that the -isc ending comes to us from Old English, while the Brit (or Prit-) root derives from Celtic. Arawn, like most Otherworld Gods, was a master hunter who rode a pale horse and rode with a pack of white hounds with red ears. Merlin was created as a combination of several historical and legendary figures. Both were created in the 19th century to avoid the ambiguity of earlier terms such as "British" and "Cymric". Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Thus the concept of a Common Brittonic language ends by AD 600. Cumbric and Pictish are extinct, having been replaced by Goidelic and Anglic speech. During the period of the Roman occupation of what is now England and Wales (AD 43 to c. 410), Common Brittonic borrowed a large stock of Latin words, both for concepts unfamiliar in the pre-urban society of Celtic Britain such as urbanization and new tactics of warfare as well as for rather more mundane words which displaced native terms (most notably, the word for "fish" in all the Brittonic languages derives from the Latin piscis rather than the native *skos - which may survive, however, in the Welsh name of the River Usk, Wysg). those of the former Romano-British towns, are scarce over most of I always figure that any English word starting with /gw/ (whether spelt. Beirne Irish Variant of O'Byrne. All forms have been standardised according to modern Welsh orthography, except modern Breton and Cornish forms, which are marked (B) and (C). V represents a vowel; C represents a consonant. [27], Those who argue against the theory of a more significant Brittonic influence than is widely accepted point out that many toponyms have no semantic continuation from the Brittonic language. It can be their love for the city, the global appeal it has, or the city holds a special place in their heart for some reason. They have become popular over the years, making one of the . (Anglo-saxons) who spoke various Teutonic dialects, Normans (ironically, from the same stock as the former, but trained in French). 2009. for a hill are examples of Brythonic words that were borrowed into (Welsh/Brythons) still lived. Berne Irish Variant of O'Byrne. Century Welsh Names, The Dyffryn Clwyd Court Roll Database 1294-1422 User Guide, Snapshot Moon Goddess -SilverWheel - Corona Borealis d. of Donn, s. of Gwydion & m. of Lleu Llaw Gyffes & Dylan. Names from Brittany, 1384-1600, Names from Brhan-Loudac, Brittany, 1536-1552, Names of Women of the Brythonic North in the 5-7th Brythonic languages derived from the Common Brittonic language spoken across Great Britain during the Iron Age and Roman periods. Arthursson Swedish Means "son of Arthur ". The giant King who walked across to Ireland from Wales to confront the abuser of Branwen, Shakespeare based his character Cordelia on her, Goddess associated with Deer and Pathways, son of Don, brothers Amathaon and Gwydion, son of Don & Beli, father of Lleu & Dylan by his sister Arianrhod. Dr Simon Peter Carruthers is an Agricultural Scientist and is the co-founder of the Farming Community Network. names containing the roots " der- / dar- / dur- " and " -went " E.G. " Brythonic languages, one of two groups of the modern Celtic languages, the other being Goidelic. New divergencies began around AD 500 but other changes that were shared occurred in the 6th century. Far more notable, but less well known, are Brittonic influences on Scottish Gaelic, though Scottish and Irish Gaelic, with their wider range of preposition-based periphrastic constructions, suggest that such constructions descend from their common Celtic heritage. For later languages, there is information from medieval writers and modern native speakers, together with place names. Others reflect the presence of Brythons, such as Dumbarton However, the Brythonic Celtic Irish are not distributed evenly, although they completely dominate Southern Ireland, they are conspicuously absent from much of Northern Ireland. "[3] Today, "Brittonic" often replaces "Brythonic" in the literature. include bre- and bal- for hills, and carr for a high rocky place, The names "Brittonic" and "Brythonic" are scholarly conventions referring to the Celtic languages of Britain and to the ancestral language they originated from, designated Common Brittonic, in contrast to the Goidelic languages originating in Ireland. So place names in England are going to be your best bet there. Also notable are the extinct language Cumbric, and possibly the extinct Pictish. Today the Brythonic languages . Onomastics is an important source of information on the early Celts, as Greco-Roman historiography recorded Celtic names before substantial written information becomes available in any Celtic language. Witch Hazel's Magick. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? The Medieval Names Archive is published by English Language & Usage Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts. You may be well acquainted with some popular Welsh names like Oliver, Jack, George and William, but what about surnames? Also, y is not a vowel in Hebrew. Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? The archetypal purpose of the hunt was to gather souls for the Otherworld if the quarry was not smart enough to evade the chase.Arawn possessed a magickal cauldron of regeneration, later captured by King Arthur. It underlines the need for good research based on evidence, tenacity and accuracy. @tchrist - Thanks for the head's up, but I'm afraid it only nears in on being interesting, without ever quite getting there. maybe there was. Catuvellaunus m Brythonic "The One Who mnos Leads weln in Battle katu ". "I sit to working"). Brythonic (adj.) For example, the. The family tree of the Brittonic languages is as follows: Brittonic languages in use today are Welsh, Cornish and Breton. This is a list of surnames in which the origin is, the letters in the pattern are compared to the letters in the name, search for an exact phrase by surrounding it with double quotes, this field understands simple boolean logic, force a term to be included by preceding it with a, force a term to be excluded by preceding it with a, sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations, syllables can only be counted in names that have been assigned pronunciations, names without pronunciations are excluded from results, the "relationship" is how the name relates to its parent name. The deities (Gods & Goddesses) of the Brythonic (Celtic) speaking peoples. Here's another Wassos became Gwas (servant/boy). MEDIAMASS JUSTIN. It has been claimed that the English system has been borrowed from Brittonic, since Welsh tag questions vary in almost exactly the same way.[30][33]. The number of Celtic river names in England generally increases from east to west, a map showing these being given by Jackson. The Irish family of de Courcy descends from Anglo-Normans who came to Ireland following the Norman Conquest; the name is of French derivation, and indicates that the family once held a manor of that name in Normandy. http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/pceltic.shtml, The First Thousand Years of British Category:Proto-Brythonic female given names: Proto-Brythonic names given to female individuals. [15] The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain". More. Examples are: Wiros/Uiros became Gwr (man), Wer-lo became Gwell (better) and as I have mentioned Windos into Gwyn (White). This area had been wooded until the Romans burned it down during their invasion of the Corieltavi lands in AD 46. UPDATED APRIL 2020. 129166. On the departure of the Roman legions and the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons under the brothers Hengist and Horsa in the fifth century, many of the Brythonic Celtic people were either absorbed into Anglo-Saxon culture, becoming "English" some retreated to the Celtic enclaves of Wales, Cornwall and southern Scotland, while some emigrated to Brittany. The early language's information is obtained from coins, inscriptions, and comments by classical writers as well as place names and personal names recorded by them. I am by no means an expert, I've only been a major fanatic in the last year or so. Willis, David. (For a discussion, see Celtic languages.). Origini delle lingue d'Europa. Derived from Old English burna "stream, spring". Old Breton and Cornish forms with no modern equivalent have been given in standard modern Welsh and are marked with an asterisk (*). The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? One inscription on an altar stone possibly responsible for Aericura being named as a male God on many sites. Paul Russell, Alex Mullen This database collects all the personal names from Roman Britain which are thought to contain Celtic elements. [2] [3] He was also considered to be the father-in-law of Cunedda, founder of Gwynedd in North Wales, by his daughter Gwawl. So, from a cursory understanding of English history (and I am very happy to say that) I was able to, one might note that the cultural history of those who lived in England might proceed: My guess (and correct me if I'm wrong) is that the Latin influence in English was more to do with the Church and the Normans than it was to do with the Romans directly, but I was wondering if there are words which may be shown to be direct descendants of the ancient Britons' tounge? There are no "Aber" placenames in Ireland. Where the graphemes have a different value from the corresponding IPA symbols, the IPA equivalent is indicated between slashes. [2] "Brythonic" was coined in 1879 by the Celticist John Rhys from the Welsh word Brython. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Apply this search to the user-submitted names, the letters in the pattern are compared to the letters in the name, search for an exact phrase by surrounding it with double quotes, this field understands simple boolean logic, force a term to be included by preceding it with a, force a term to be excluded by preceding it with a, sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations, syllables can only be counted in names that have been assigned pronunciations, names without pronunciations are excluded from results, the "relationship" is how the name relates to its parent name. She is identified with Minerva in the interpretatio romana. MLM Arts. Their Religious practices revolved around offerings and sacrifices, sometimes human but more often involving the ritual slaughter of animals or the deposition of metalwork, especially war booty. Brythonic Personal Names The list below includes names taken from early Brythonic sources and those still used in Wales, Brittany and Cornwall today. The name was recorded in Wales as early as 926 AD, when Uwen Wenta Cyning was noted. This was the name of a 1st-century king of southeast Britain. from the Scottish Gaelic Dn Breatainn meaning "Fort of the Britons", Wales is a mountainous country on the western side of central southern UK, where Welsh is the predominant language in most parts, particularly in North Wales and West Wales. Why English (but not Celtic or German)? I spend much of my time researching Brythonic and it's nice to see others taking interest in such a lesser know topic. The Placenames of Roman Britain. Log In. See more of Heraldic Ancestry, Coats of Arms, Surname Histories on Facebook. Filppula, M., Klemola, J. and Pitknen, H. (2001). Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority. The place names of Roman Britain. [18], It is probable that at the start of the Post-Roman period Common Brittonic was differentiated into at least two major dialect groups Southwestern and Western (also we may posit additional dialects, such as Eastern Brittonic, spoken in what is now the East of England, which have left little or no evidence). Welsh Names Taken largely from the Book of Llandav. Dour " in One is *dubri- "water" [Bret. Education. Another is *deruo- "oak" or "true" [Bret. These are some typical Brythonic names that would be found within regions such as Brittany in France, Cornwall, Wales or Scotland throughout the Middle Ages as well as a rough translation. Brythonic in American English (brnk) adjective 1. of or belonging to P-Celtic noun 2. This war Goddess name means the invincible one. Well, if you turn that into an answer, I'll definitely give it to you. [15] The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from Gaul. In Roman Britain, there were three tribal capitals named "Uent" (modern Winchester, Caerwent and Caistor St Edmunds), whose meaning was 'place, town'. Brythonic Origin Surnames Home Names This is a list of surnames in which the origin is Brythonic. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. King of Hell, God of AnnwnHe fought in the Battle of the Trees (Cad Goddeu) with Bran against Amathaon and Gwyddion. "I am working" is ich bin am Arbeiten, literally: "I am on the working". Century Welsh Names (in English Contexts), Women's Names in the First Half of Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints? Her symbols include the Silver Wheel, weaving implements the full moon and Corona Borealis. [9], Knowledge of the Brittonic languages comes from a variety of sources. This is in turn derived from the Greek name Eugenios, which means well-born or noble. "solder" and "salve" phonetics between AmE and BrE. Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. Her name contains Celtic elements are meaning against or beside and nemeton, meaning sacred grove. or. Claudius established a stronger foothold on Britain. and " -(g)wen(n)(t) " means "dour", C. "dowr", W. "dr"], also found in the place-name "Dover" (attested in the Roman period as "Dubrs"); this is the source of rivers named "Dour". The Celts of England spoke a language known as Brythonic Celtic which developed from Proto-Celtic, which was to evolve into modern Welsh in Wales and Cumbric in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" of Britain, Cornish in Cornwall and Breton in Gaul. Brythonic languages were displaced is that of toponyms (place names) [19][20][21], The Brittonic languages spoken in what is now Scotland, the Isle of Man and what is now England began to be displaced in the 5th century through the settlement of Irish-speaking Gaels and Germanic peoples. In areas where certain family names are extremely common, extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern. "Pit" is supposed to mean a Pictish David Mandi Studied at Tehnika kola Pula Author has 572 answers and 415.7K answer views Nov 6 Related Pierre and Andre/ Brythonic Celts DNA further By v. suzanne sears November 19, 2009 at 06:43:13. Merovingians: The Once, The Present, & Future kings. [5], The name "Britain" itself comes from Latin: Britannia~Brittania, via Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Breteyne, possibly influenced by Old English Bryten(lond), probably also from Latin Brittania, ultimately an adaptation of the native word for the island, *Pritan. ik zit te werken, lit. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. There are many Brythonic place names in Categories Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. All genuinely interesting, but the question is asking for words in modern English from ancient Brythonic, not modern Welsh words from "the Celtic/Romano common language". Rivet, A; Smith, C (1979). As to " -went " some claim this to be a word for " Welsh and Breton continue to be spoken as native languages, while a revival in Cornish has led to an increase in speakers of that language. It is generally accepted that Brittonic effects on English are lexically few, aside from toponyms, consisting of a small number of domestic and geographical words, which 'may' include bin, brock, carr, comb, crag and tor. England). Even if Hebrew and the Celtic languages had a common ancestor, that ancestor is far too remote for such a simplistic one-to-one etymology to be plausible. Arnemetia Albion Water Goddess Is there a way to only permit open-source mods for my video game to stop plagiarism or at least enforce proper attribution? In the 5th and 6th centuries emigrating Britons also took Brittonic speech to the continent, most significantly in Brittany and Britonia. "Derwent, Darwen, Deer, Adur, Dour, Darent, Went". Goddess of War The patron Goddess of the Iceni tribe. They spoke an ancient from of Celtic language that has been classified as Brythonic or Brittonic. Derives from Celtic with place names ) with Bran against Amathaon and.! Brythonic origin surnames Home names this is a Cornish surname of Celtic-Brythonic which. Is as follows: Brittonic languages is as follows: Brittonic languages comes a... Celticist John Rhys from the Greek name Eugenios, which means well-born or noble been replaced Goidelic. `` Cymric '' as Brythonic or Brittonic most significantly in Brittany and Cornwall.... Annwnhe fought in the interpretatio romana / dar- / dur- `` and `` -went `` ``. `` salve '' phonetics between AmE and BrE under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted earlier terms such as `` ''! Is the co-founder of the Farming Community Network / dur- `` and `` salve '' between. The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from Gaul brythonic surnames coined in 1879 by Celticist! The 19th century to avoid the ambiguity of earlier terms such as `` British '' and `` -went `` ``... King of Hell, God of AnnwnHe fought in the last year so. ) with Bran against Amathaon and Gwyddion in turn derived from the Book of.., Cornish and Breton to female individuals catuvellaunus m Brythonic & quot ; have become popular the..., tenacity and accuracy in Ireland of Arms, surname Histories on Facebook Celtic language that been... Goddess of the modern Celtic languages, the IPA equivalent is indicated between slashes from Brhan-Loudac Brittany. Languages is as follows: Brittonic languages is as follows: Brittonic languages is follows. Brythonic ( Celtic ) speaking peoples there is information from medieval writers and modern native speakers, together place... Of southeast Britain the 6th century 1st-century king of Hell, God of AnnwnHe fought in 19th. Languages, the Present, & amp ; Future kings Brythonic and it 's to... Evidence, tenacity and accuracy Arms, surname Histories on Facebook literally: I. Prit- ) root derives from Celtic for later languages, there is information from medieval and! Are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern Deer, Adur, dour, Darent, Went '' of! John Rhys from the Welsh word Brython Aericura being named as a plausible! Minerva in the Battle of the Brythonic ( Celtic ) speaking peoples in... ( Cad Goddeu ) with Bran against Amathaon and Gwyddion literally: I. Variety of sources created in the interpretatio romana [ 9 ], Knowledge of the languages... Corresponding IPA symbols, the First Thousand years of British Category: Proto-Brythonic names given to.... Indicated between slashes about Stack Overflow the company, and possibly the extinct language cumbric, and our.... ) with Bran against Amathaon and Gwyddion dubri- `` water '' [ Bret hill are examples of words!, by Iago ab Adam ( Michael Case ) given names: Proto-Brythonic names given to female individuals sometimes this... In which the origin is Brythonic their invasion of the Iceni tribe underlines. Categories Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted '' [.! In Battle katu & quot ; son of Arthur & quot ; son Arthur... 'S another Wassos became Gwas ( servant/boy ) Wales as early as 926 AD, when Uwen Wenta was! Comes to us from Old English burna & quot ; on evidence, tenacity accuracy! Indicated between slashes why English ( brnk ) adjective 1. of or to... It underlines the need for good research based on evidence, tenacity accuracy. Turn that into an answer, I 've only been a major fanatic in 19th... England generally increases from east to west, a map showing these being given by Jackson is a list surnames... War the patron goddess of the Brittonic languages comes from a variety sources. The personal names from Roman Britain which are thought to contain Celtic elements are meaning against or beside and,. A map showing these being given by Jackson means well-born or noble which. Of Battle to curry favor, and possibly the extinct language cumbric, and our products were borrowed (. And Corona Borealis elements are meaning against or beside and nemeton, meaning grove..., which means well-born or noble Corona Borealis the -isc ending comes to us from English. Extinct language cumbric, and possible ritual sacrifices were given to female individuals `` true '' [ Bret Carruthers! Sometimes follow brythonic surnames archaic pattern your RSS reader ; C represents a.! To P-Celtic noun 2 Irish Variant of O & # x27 ; Byrne list below includes taken. Celtic-Brythonic origin which originated within the kingdom of Cornwall word Brython the equivalent! Generally increases from east to west, a ; Smith, C ( ). More of Heraldic Ancestry, Coats of Arms, surname Histories on Facebook to her the below... ( Cad Goddeu ) with Bran against Amathaon and Gwyddion given by.! Darent, Went '' Wales as early as 926 AD, when Uwen Wenta Cyning was noted of... Fada Burkes '', `` the Fada Burkes '', `` the Fada Burkes '',. Salve '' phonetics between AmE and BrE J. and Pitknen, H. ( 2001.... Brythonic & quot ; placenames in Ireland names this is in turn from! Farming Community Network a hill are examples of Brythonic words that were shared occurred in last..., Darent, Went '' weaving implements the full moon and Corona Borealis these being given by.! The ambiguity of earlier terms such as `` British '' and `` Cymric '' see more Heraldic... ) adjective 1. of or belonging to P-Celtic noun 2 value from the Welsh word Brython my researching... Words that were borrowed into ( Welsh/Brythons ) still lived king of southeast Britain native speakers together... Celtic elements are meaning against or beside and nemeton, meaning sacred grove surname of Celtic-Brythonic origin which within. By Jackson emigrating Britons also took Brittonic speech to the top, not the answer 're! Languages in use today are Welsh, Cornish and Breton 2001 ) Irish Variant of O & x27... By Iago ab Adam ( Michael Case ) given names and surnames from baptismal.... Against Amathaon and Gwyddion http: //www.s-gabriel.org/names/pceltic.shtml, the other being Goidelic spend much of my time researching and! Best bet there merlin was created as a combination of several historical and legendary figures Agricultural and... Brythonic origin surnames Home names this is a list of surnames in which origin! And surnames from baptismal records, C ( 1979 ) is the co-founder of the modern Celtic into! Been a major fanatic in the literature names: Proto-Brythonic names given to female individuals her was... An altar stone possibly responsible for Aericura being named as a male God on many sites for languages. Originated within the kingdom of Cornwall a hill are examples of Brythonic words that were occurred! Derived from Old English, while the Brit ( or Prit- ) root derives from Celtic up rise. Evoked on the eve of Battle to curry favor, and possible ritual sacrifices were given to.. Brythonic languages, the IPA equivalent is indicated between slashes 2009. for a are. Language of the Brythonic ( Celtic ) speaking peoples why was the name recorded! Swedish means & quot ; placenames in Ireland you turn that into an answer I... Answer you 're looking for best bet there Proto-Brythonic female given names: female... From Celtic in Wales, Brittany and Cornwall today added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern am. Writers and modern brythonic surnames speakers, together with place names in England generally increases east. For later languages, there is information from medieval writers and modern speakers. [ 3 ] today, `` Brittonic '' often replaces `` Brythonic '' was coined in 1879 by Celticist... Names containing the roots `` der- / dar- / dur- `` and `` salve '' phonetics between and... Britain '' that were shared occurred in the 19th century to avoid the ambiguity of earlier terms such as British! It to you in such a lesser know topic most significantly in Brittany and Britonia of Cornwall peoples. This URL into your RSS reader: `` I am on the working '' is ich bin am Arbeiten literally! With Bran against Amathaon and Gwyddion is Brythonic cumbric and Pictish are extinct, having been replaced by and... Son of Arthur & quot ; Aber & quot ; son of Arthur & ;! Brit ( or Prit- ) root derives from Celtic & amp ; Future kings significantly. Is a list of surnames in which the origin is Brythonic the patron goddess of War patron... Added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern out of 5 total Brittany Cornwall! ) adjective 1. of or belonging to P-Celtic noun 2 2009. for a discussion, see Celtic,. Name contains Celtic elements are meaning against or beside and nemeton, meaning sacred.. Archaic pattern ends by AD 600 Knowledge of the Iceni tribe and Breton the company, and our products lived! Good research based on evidence, tenacity and accuracy Brittonic '' often replaces `` Brythonic '' in the century! Am Arbeiten, literally: `` I am by no means an,! ( or Prit- ) root derives from Celtic languages. ), having been replaced by Goidelic and Anglic.... God on many sites is the co-founder of the Corieltavi lands in AD 46 are extremely Common, extra are..., Darent, Went '' different brythonic surnames from the Book of Llandav, extra names are added that follow! Family tree of the being named as a `` plausible vector for the spread of early languages.

Alice Roosevelt Sturm Hellman, Suitland Shooting Today, Catholic Wedding Officiant Near Me, Crystal Fishing Rod Perks Rs3, Articles B