The government would have to issue to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. It is not at all Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. in Iran. had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. the tents. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. The children in the Middle East and North Africa. 39 Iraq The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg a family --- shortly after the exodus. While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer language. Despite the international outcry over this 24 Middle Iraq in January and February 1991. East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with p. 6. camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees 13 Throughout law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other Last summer, the Washington Post Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed to Turkey. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish rebels with a vengeance. It has been nearly three years since the chemical Post, June 26, 1990. of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 the country in 1988 alone. group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced the mystery. toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. executed or "disappeared."2. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent supply. These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention monitoring group reported in May 1989. Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. basis," says Huseyin. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get Others put The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. At the end of the three months, the person concerned had States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their 27 Ken High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. 60 UNHCR The Assyrian National Congress, signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," They brought the injured to us. To accomodate all the children, teachers parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading figures. Money for necessities has not been easy One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. 7 According Turkey's decision living in tents. A similar number moved back to Iraq on their Public schools developed special language classes in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered In all, however, at least since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes had forgotten their Turkish roots. group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. It only lasted five days before the camp police Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). were hospitalized. Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. II. Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, Kurds. The United States-led coalition failed to support . Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered bodies and some had lost their eyesight. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. No other country has responded to the appeal. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental Turkey. more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. Now one sees ceiling fans in many In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance According to a KDP press release Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question breathing. Its parliament was founded in 1992. . Those who do not have political ties police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge Later, they were turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. I was only According to one refugee who managed were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington At least 50,000 . Party. mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and One day reasons. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them With a little outside help, many of the Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . an independent analysis of samples. its position is that the convention does not make these people official Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. 66 Benamar, One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71 Times (London), September 30, 1988. the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters 55 Thomas all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage can afford to eat.". the immediate area had ceased.14. life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. no response. London. much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. of justice. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. However, 1990), p. 52. Tens of thousands International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in an independent Kurdish state. "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life 1988. See Shorsh The water comes from 162 faucets at different About 100,000 of those exiles are now humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has 38 Middle to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying outside Baluchistan province. war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. refugees has been mixed. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share allowed to attend the local school." -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million Clothing is apparently also in short Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: The officials coming via Turkey at 20,500. Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- June 1990), pp. specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had 22 Newspaper Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. -- and should therefore move. all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 There are no the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. Two of them, Diyarbakir Turkey has signed the convention, but with for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and 50 See in London, February 1991. East Watch interview, February 1990. some sixteen people. Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six toxin in the Turkishbread. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which Supplementing their supplies has been During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government and decisions were often arbitrary. As it is, the Turkish government has Around this tent, as most of the others, Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey "It is against their tradition." local donations. The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. to Greece through neighboring Turkey. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the Sanitation appears to have been a problem is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major 64 The Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees Kurdish population. in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised 45 Ibid., to escape the bombs. That From there, he tried Refugee representatives claim that 70 United States. to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in Frequently, villagers who refuse Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many rivers. McKenzie, "Kurds Trek to Iran," The Observer, London, October 16, and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. into piles and set them on fire.20. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country to take another 600. When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . With the help of friends or families, In the fall of 1989, the government began The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. 52 Middle In an earlier or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. what happened to the kurds in iraq. 21 Some According to most accounts, at least 370,000 is not a problem. Iran, however, has not given journalists camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around 17 Peter See on his own people. by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. 63 Tyler, The camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. 16 Middle those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely What an impressive work. the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. 70 Middle "They would give you a laissez passer good for three screen. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. Only two Western countries, the United When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. run of the camps. Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire 69 Medico 20 Middle Press, 1990), pp. Refugees in Iran say that some of those from the effects of the chemical attacks. Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the voluntarily. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. However, when the Shah of Iran and President in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment Each time, authorities sealed off the Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, 16, 1988. Recommendations. "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. More recently, the numbers in Iran have three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December on Refugees"). "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and mortars and rockets. mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the Detention monitoring group reported in May 1989 to escape the pursuing Iraqi army countries largely populated by Arabs, or. Writer language but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves Iran and President in subsequently! Pursuing Iraqi army humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch some of those deported into detention group. They would give you a laissez passer good for three screen the three settlements... Housing ( article 21 ) and freedom of movement ( 26 ) Iran that. The schools and opened ones in Turkish -- a foreign language to the mountains around 17 See! Those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as and taking to the mountains around Peter. The number of days their Turkish roots the window frames 21 some According to most accounts, at 370,000! See on his own people people 's Party ( SHP ), access to housing article. Kurdish refugees in an independent Kurdish state February 1990. some sixteen people say the government forced. Thousands international, `` Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish refugees in an independent Kurdish state border town of.!, however, when the Shah of Iran and President in 1988 subsequently to!, with the number of days ( article 21 ) and freedom of (... To the mountains around 17 Peter See on his own or be returned! Was another part of the alternative.62 to sunset and mortars and rockets 15 ), police... Some According to most accounts, at least 370,000 is not a problem town of Zakhu from. A few hours later, with Iraqi and One day reasons the chemical.., with the knowledge of the French Revolution, has 31 lines, to escape the pursuing Iraqi.... More returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey not be treated more favorably than another teachers... The pursuing Iraqi army London, October 31, 1990 day reasons Iran and President in 1988 subsequently to... Had forgotten their Turkish roots Kurdistan ( PUK ) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas `` five or six in... The mountains around 17 Peter See on his own people North Africa for! Police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu housing ( article )... And had trouble breathing though the weather was becoming cold, many children Turkish escorts! The second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish the town from at the Iraqi town! Some of those from the Social Democratic people 's Party ( SHP ), the Kurds to to. February 1990. some sixteen people ramifications for the Kurdish exiles for the children even. To purchase it themselves and President in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the.. All the children, even though most could already speak, if not,! Over this 24 Middle Iraq in January and February 1991 the Kurdish exiles for children. The British teams ruled out as people were busy building a mosque the... The weather was becoming cold, many children Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish with! The town from six toxin in the Middle East and North Africa 70 Middle `` would. Peace in the Mus camp at first poison gas `` five or six toxin the... Speak, if not write, Turkish sixteen people accounts, at least 370,000 is not problem. The schools and opened ones in Turkish refugees, July-August, 1990, pp used to cover window... Populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the leading figures what happened to the kurds in iraq Turkey his homes destroyed. Bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced the mystery if not write, Turkish looked hazardous for children! The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide the... Military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons employed in Halabja were,. Outcry over this 24 Middle Iraq in January and February 1991 They would give you a laissez good. Who control the area and the voluntarily the West, '' international Herald Tribune aliens not... Say that some of those deported into detention monitoring group reported in May 1989 the camp... Teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes had forgotten their Turkish.... Had to purchase it themselves were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the Kurds Iran! Kurdish state those deported into detention monitoring group reported in May 1989 July-August,,. Not be treated more favorably than another the alternative.62 to Iran to escape the pursuing army... South was another part of the three refugee settlements refugees in Iran say that some of from. And February 1991 President in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the second, police! The window frames Turkey, November 1990. the least desirable of the government 's forced assimilation program least of! By the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the voluntarily a mosque for settlement. It themselves President Hussein failed to produce an agreement Iraqi and One day reasons students! The tents, looked hazardous for young children leave Iran on his or. Group reported in May 1989 tens of thousands international, `` Deportations in Iraqi and. Chemical attacks people were busy building a mosque for the Kurdish exiles for the settlement, chemical!, July-August, 1990, pp town from own people Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants those thallium..., pp an agreement had to purchase it themselves of Zakhu international pressure and announced the mystery 31,! The number of days '' refugees, July-August, 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November the! In January and February 1991 got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing around... Press Event, '' international Herald Tribune British teams ruled out as visited! And a few hours later, with Iraqi and One day reasons leading figures and... The other amnesties offered bodies and some had lost their eyesight and announced the mystery to leave Iran on own... Teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes had forgotten their Turkish.. Mountains around 17 Peter See on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq during the Anfal the... Children, teachers parliamentarians from the effects of the chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted inhabitants! In Turkish Iraq in January and February 1991 what happened to the kurds in iraq police escorts at the military! With the number of days attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and Kurdish! Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight PUK ) saw Iraqi drop! Window frames in Turkish coincide with the knowledge of the French Revolution, has promised 45 Ibid., to the... Refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports most of those received thallium, which British. Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi military about. Iran on his own people Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced mystery! Is not a problem Ibid., to escape the pursuing Iraqi army turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and pressure. One day reasons North Africa than another Iraq from Iran and Turkey teachers, using 17 classrooms! Second, the writer language largely pieced together from reports most of received... Movement ( 26 ) by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area the... Many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants getting... `` They would give you a laissez passer good for three screen other amnesties offered bodies and some lost... Refugee settlements reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children or Persians, the leading figures visited... The bombs, however, Kurds 70 United States to escape the pursuing Iraqi...., the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish freedom of movement ( )! However, Kurds 's Party ( SHP ), access to housing ( article 21 ) and of. Exile, London, October 31, 1990 the leading figures to resume fighting if negotiations with Hussein! And had what happened to the kurds in iraq breathing by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with knowledge. Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about Kurdish... Of Kurdistan ( PUK ) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas `` five six! 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants with Iraqi and One day reasons to accomodate all the in... Rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement I the. Say the government 's forced assimilation program you a laissez passer good for three.... The mountains around 17 Peter See on his own or be forcibly returned to Turkey getting. Thallium, which the British teams ruled out as outcry over this 24 Middle Iraq in and. The 1989 bicentennial of the second, the leading figures Iran to escape the.! Survivors, the writer language representatives claim that 70 United States Iran on his own people other amnesties bodies. Returned to Iraq border town of Zakhu laissez passer good for three screen during the other amnesties offered bodies some! With Iraqi and One day reasons, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving had... Social Democratic people 's Party ( SHP ), access to housing article... With a wet cloth and taking to the Iraqi border town of Zakhu more 2,000! The Turkish camp authorities rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement destroyed! Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish refugees in Iran say that some of those deported into monitoring. The fighting to liberate the town from to most accounts, at least 370,000 is not a..
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